Municipal Solid Waste Management Essay

Municipal Solid Waste Management Essay Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste Management is the term that refers to the collection, processing, recycling, transport, and monitoring of waste products. The waste products means the various materials produced by human activity and is undertaken for reducing their effect on health, environment or aesthetics. Another application of the waste management is to recover the various resources from it. It involves the management of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes. Each type of waste requires a different methods and fields of expertise. The practices of waste management differ from developed and developing nations. In fact, there is difference in methods used in the urban and rural areas, and also for industrial or residential producers. It is the responsibility of local government authorities to manage non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metro areas. However, the management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is done by the generator. There are various methods of waste disposal including integrated waste management, Plasma gasification, Landfill, Supercritical water decomposition and Incineration. There are lots of concepts about waste management which differ in their usage as per the varying regions or countries. Some of the widely used concepts include Waste hierarchy, Extended producer responsibility and Polluter pays principle. The waste hierarchy points to the reduce, reuse and recycle that classify waste management strategies as per their effectiveness in regards to waste minimization. The waste hierarchy is the cornerstone of majority of waste minimization strategies. It focuses on taking out the maximum practical advantages from products and generating least amount of waste. The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy that is intended for the integration of all costs related with products across their life cycles into the market price of the product. The Polluter Pays Principle suggests that in case of waste leading to any impact on the environment, the polluting party is held responsible and it needs to pays for it. The waste management refers to the need for a waste producer to pay for proper waste disposal. Effective Techniques of waste management:- 1) LANDFILL: it is one of the inexpensive methods of waste management. In this waste is dumped on an abandoned land. Be cautious that no toxic or hazardous waste gets dumped in landfill. 2) INCINERATION: Toxic substances that cannot be dumped are burnt. This method is not much in action as this emits harmful pollutants leading to pollution. 3) COMPOSTING: Organic wastes from homes garden eg- food, plants, etc are decomposed, recycled used as manure for agriculture purpose. 4) MECHANICAL BIOLOGICALTREATMENT: Glass, plastic other recyclable waste is put into waste treatment plant. Recyclable content from waste is taken converted to calorific fuel that in turn is used by power plants. 5) PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION: Waste products are treated at high temperature7 high pressure. Its a thermal technique. In pyrolysis, waste is converted into solid liquid, in which solid is refined into carbon form liquid got from the waste is used as energy giving oil. In gasification, waste is converted into synthetic gases: that are burnt to give high energy. (6) Disposal: Non recyclable wastes are dumped into a vast abandoned land. This is called landfills. Only care should be taken that toxic waste does not enter the soil and water system. The people in charge of landfill department must supervise approve the dumping site. Care should be taken about depth allowed till dumping, the nature of the waste dumped, etc must be approved MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 1. Municipal Solid Waste Garbage is generally referred to Waste and is also termed as rubbish, trash, junk, unwanted or undesired material.As per the Municipal Solid Waste (Management Handling) Rule,2000 garbage is define as Municipal Solid Waste which includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes. 2. Main Sources of Municipal Waste House hold waste Commercials: Street sweeping Hotels and restaurants Clinics and dispensaries Construction and demolition Horticulture Sludge 3. Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in India In India, the biodegradable portion dominates the bulk of Municipal Solid Waste. Generally, the biodegradable portion is mainly due to food and yard waste With rising urbanisation and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. There are different categories of waste generated, each takes their own time to degenerate (as illustrated in the table below). 4. Life Cycle of Municipal Solid Waste 5. Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices in India The term municipal solid waste refers to solid waste from houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals. Management of these types of waste is most often the responsibility of Municipal or other Governmental authorities. Except in the metropolitan cities, SWM is the responsibility of a health officer who is assisted by the engineering department in the transportation work. The activity is mostly labour intensive, and 2-3 workers are provided per 1000 residents served. The municipal agencies spend 5-25% of their budget on SWM A typical waste management system in a low- or middle-income country like India includes the following elements: Waste generation and storage Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin Street sweeping and cleansing of public places Management of the transfer station or community bin Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site Waste disposal in landfills But in most of the Indian cities open dumping is the Common Practices which is adversely affecting on environment and Public health. 6. Adverse Effect of open dump An open dumping is defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers. Open dumping can include solid waste disposal facilities or practices that pose a reasonable probability of adverse effects on health or the environment. Health Effect The health risks associated with illegal dumping are significant. Areas used for open dumping may be easily accessible to people, especially children, who are vulnerable to the physical (protruding nails or sharp edges) and chemical (harmful fluids or dust) hazards posed by wastes. Rodents, insects, and other vermin attracted to open dump sites may also pose health risks. Dump sites with scrap tires provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can multiply 100 times faster than normal in the warm stagnant water standing in scrap tire causing several illnesses. Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous, chemical waste mixed with general waste during collection transportation. Burns and other injuries can occur resulting from occupational accidents and methane gas exposure at waste disposal sites. Environment pollution Air pollution Dust generated from on-site vehicle movements, and placement of waste and materials Water pollution Runoff from open dump sites containing chemicals may contaminate wells and surface water used as sources of drinking water open dumping can also impact proper drainage of runoff, making areas more susceptible to flooding when wastes block ravines, creeks, culverts, and drainage basins also contamination of groundwater resources and surface water from leachate emissions. Soil Contamination Permanent or temporary loss of productive land Global Warming and Climate Change In most of the cities towns, the municipal solid waste is being dumped burnt in open spaces without understanding the adverse impacts on the environment. The waste in the dumping ground undergoes various anaerobic reactions produces offensive Green House gases such as CO2, CH4 etc. These gases are contributing potentially to Global Warming Climate Change phenomenon. 7. Integrated Solid waste Management Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a tool to determine the most energy-efficient, least-polluting ways to deal with the various components items of a communitys Solid Waste stream. The twin goals of ISWM are to: Retain as much as possible of that energy those materials in a useful state. Avoid releasing that energy or matter into the environment as a pollutant. Benefits of Integrated Solid waste management The concept of ISWM plan derives from the necessity to look at alternative sources of collection, transportation and most importantly, disposal to ensure a healthy living environment in urban cities. Local and regional economies benefit by the continued exchange value of the reclaimed materials and products and the jobs created in reprocessing and reselling them. National and global resource natural depletion is reduced, contributing to a more sustainable long-term economy. Pollution from landfills is reduced because many toxic or otherwise polluting materials are diverted from the landfills, and because the overall volume of land filled material is reduced. 8. Legal framework for Municipal Solid Waste in India Municipal Solid Waste (Managment Handling ) Rule was notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India [vide No.S.O.908 (B) dated the 25th September 2000]. The objective of these Rules was to make every municipal authority responsible for the implementation of the various provisions of the Rules within its territorial area and also to develop an effective infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes. The Civic bodies have the responsibility to enforce these rules.

An Analysis of Obesity in America

LIB 111 9 October 2012 Our Responsibility: An Analysis of Obesity in America America is becoming obese. As a community we are becoming more accepting of being overweight. Americans must make choices about where they eat, and how much they eat, for themselves, as well as their families. It is a person’s own responsibility to choose what they consume, not their government’s. Fast food is the new tobacco. Only society, not the government will be able to change the way Americans view their food choices.Many people, such as First Lady Michelle Obama, in â€Å"Remarks to the NAACP National Convention† believe that it is the government’s job to help control America’s obesity rates (432). Obama states that the government is proposing, â€Å"a $400 million a year fund†(427), to promote health. America prides itself on the liberties of its citizens, and the government is supposed to ensure that American’s have rights, not take them away. Forcing Americans to change their way of eating is not the solution to obesity. In â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† written by Radley Balko, Balko talks about how America is â€Å"migrating toward socialism†(396).We are migrating toward socialism by not allowing the people to think for themselves and make their own decisions. Balko believes that we should not bring â€Å"government between you and your waistline†(396). He argues, â€Å"[w] e’re becoming less responsible for our own health, and more responsible for everyone else’s†(396). Balko makes the most valid of points by asking himself, â€Å"if the government is paying for my anti-cholesterol medication, what incentive is there for me to put down the cheeseburger? †(397). If the government is just going to take care of you once you have the negative affects of fast food, you don’t need to prevent it.David Zinczenko, chief editor of Men’s Health wrote, â€Å"Donâ€⠄¢t Blame the Eater† in 2002. In his essay, Zinczenko voices that the public should know better than to eat several meals a day at a fast food restaurant, however he does hold fast food restaurants accountable for not telling the public how many calories a meal contains (397). It is the government’s duty to have fast food restaurants make nutritional facts available to the public. American’s find it easiest to blame others for their faults, instead of dealing with them.In society, many people are often careless when looking out for themselves, and always claim to need the government’s assistance when in need. Our government should help, but only as a last resort. Americans need to promote their own healthy lifestyle. If there is no inner desire for a healthy lifestyle, the government should not be able to change your chosen way of living. Food is related to emotions. All American’s can relate to the sweet smell of their mother baking cookies on a co ld day, and the melt in your mouth taste of the warm cookies after playing outside in the cold.Judith Warner claims, â€Å"the Obama nanny state is, essentially, snatching cookies-I. e. , the pursuit of happiness- from the mouths of babes†(401). By regulating what children are allowed to eat, it is an â€Å"assault on the American way of life†(401). It is a parents job to control what their children eat, not the governments. Many find that their inspiration is from ads, other people, TV, and Internet. It is society that evolves and changes into a new mindset together. Tobacco sales, as argued by Judith Warner in â€Å"Junking Junk Food† did not decline due to the government’s involvement, but because of society’s modern outlook on smokers.Warner says â€Å"it was a shift in cultural attitudes, not laws or regulations, that led Americans to quit smoking†(404). If the harmful ingredients in tobacco can be outlawed by society, and influence Ame ricans to live a healthier lifestyle, then society, not our government can and will be responsible for their healthy diet. One will not change their outlook on healthy living or healthy diets, based on what a government demands, it must be one’s own choice to change the way they and their families eat and exercise.When society begins to evolve, without the government demanding it, people will be confident with their healthy lifestyle choices. Warner believes that â€Å"social norms could change: that huge portions, or eating processed foods loaded with sugar, salt and fat for example could become socially unacceptable†(404). There is hope for American citizens to make their own decisions. It is up to American parents to control what their children eat, as well as what they are consuming. The government does not have the right to regulate one’s personal food intake.American’s must see their current faults, and allow for change in their lives. We must be re sponsible for ourselves, and not allow the government to constantly take care for their citizens as children. Works cited Balko, Radley. â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 395-397. Print. Obama, Michelle â€Å"Remarks to the NAACP National Convention†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing.Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 417-433 Print. Warner, Judith. â€Å"Junking Junk Food†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 400-404. Print. Zinczenko, David. â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 391-392 Print.

The 5-Minute Rule for Best Writing Service Research Paper

The 5-Minute Rule for Best Writing Service Research Paper After you have answered that question, you can pick the most appropriate service for you. When you find a great deal of academic info, you will know you're at the correct place and you'll be able to trust the service. In addition, the site has some beneficial info, which will make it possible for you to learn how the service works in more detail. In case the service has an excellent rating it means that you can trust this, and whether the rating is too low it means you ought to keep looking for a better service. How to Find Best Writing Service Research Paper Online The use of their assistance is sage and you'll definitely stay confidential. Even if there's sometimes an endless quantity of research or reading, you should decide on a maximum sum of time per category. Excellent writing providers provide plagiarism-free content that's 100% original and distinctive. Therefore, it runs with fantastic accuracy with no dow ntimes. The Battle Over Best Writing Service Research Paper and How to Win It What you have to take into consideration when choosing one Below, we'd love to present to you some of the greatest essay writing companies, which you are able to trust. Our article writing service offers you the chance to dictate any sort of essay. Then, fill in the purchase form by picking the kind of essay you need and its topic. Every customer may also request a powerpoint presentation, article writing, all of the dissertation chapters, ask for developing a business file, questionnaire and a great deal of other paper types. When buying on the internet you won't be in a position to rate the quality so should ask essential questions to successfully are satisfied with your purchase. There are lots of businesses out there promising you top high quality papers and affordable rates, but they're sometimes not the very best. Perhaps, it's one of the very best service comparing price VS quality. You al ready know you will find the ideal essay UK style at our site, but we realize that the mixture of amazing quality with a very low price is inadequate for our clients to truly feel safe. Best Writing Service Research Paper Certified writers are eager to lend a helping hand to anybody who has difficulties with writing homework. Knowledgeable writers create original materials for every single customer. Certified English speaking writers utilize an individual approach to each student. If you're searching for the very best essay writing service, search for credentials like Certified Professional Resume Writer. With us, you could always count on writers who have an exceptional command of English. Writing acumen is necessary by it. The Chronicles of Best Writing Service Research Paper Only now are you prepared to get started writing your research paper. There are usually two forms of essays. At our essay service, they are always delivered in a short time. Preliminary work In general, it is sensible to get started writing the essay after possible. If you wish to get a research paper, online writing service like ours is precisely what you want. It's hard to select a service to purchase your essay from. You can rely on the ideal essay help online. Papers you get from reliable essay services need to be full of fresh unusual thoughts and appropriate examples. A superb method to organize all your information is to produce an outline. In order to earn a novel appealing to other individuals, it would need decent content so as to entice possible readers. Students should have relevant questions and be ready to finish a brief library assignment that will make it possible for students to gauge the potency of their library research abilities. Furthermore, plenty of students are scared that somebody can notice they've used the service. The Advantages of Best Writing Service Research Paper The prices are determined by the academic level, the period of the paper and the deadline. You begin by specifying your essay requirements and allow them to calculate how much money you're likely to have to pay. The training course paper is your opportunity to have some practice at applying what you've learned. It's possible to negotiate the writing procedure and the price. New Step by Step Roadmap for Best Writing Service Research Paper Security and confidentiality are the vital principles of the firm. The business guarantees confidentiality and reasonable refund if needed. It uses an individual approach to every client and it has a positive impact on their academic achievements. There's simply no other company that may provide superior services than we do! Effective use of academic libraries is necessary for every social scientist. The most important difficulty in working with it is that you should concentrate on multiple purposes simultaneously, as all the aspects want to be thought to make the last paper good enough. In the same way, nobody likes quick research without comprehensive comprehension of the issu e. One of the crucial challenges is the appropriate use of language, which ought to be wealthy and diverse when remaining formal at the identical moment. The Dirty Facts on Best Writing Service Research Paper Discover more information concerning the writers You will need to look for how impressive the writers are. Otherwise the reader may find the impression that you're not writing authentically. You should decide on the sort of service from the list in addition to the desired level of a writer. To begin with, verify whether the writer is certified.

Depression and Suicide Essay - 827 Words

Depression and Suicide Depression affects everyones life at sometime or another. Depression comes in a wide variety of forms, from mild unhappiness to a chemical imbalance in the mind. There are many different symptoms that reveal a persons problem with depression. If left untreated, depression may continue to develop into a serious illness or even death. Depression is a psychological illness, much like bulimia or anorexia. It affects the mind as much as it does the body. Depression is directly related to many other disabilities: eating disorders, low energy levels, and social difficulties. Scientists have found that depression is the result of imbalances in the way the brain metabolizes chemicals called neurotransmitters.†¦show more content†¦It affects the most popular students and the usually quiet ones. No student is totally free from the possibility of becoming depressed. Depression comes in an extremely wide range of forms, some of which are: psychological (major) depression, clinical depres sion, and manic-depression (bipolar disorder). Each form of depression acts in its own way and has its own symptoms and treatments. Every type of depression, if left untreated, could lead to an attempted suicide or death. The most common form of depression among young adults is psychological (major) depression, but it is also the easiest form of depression to treat. Psychological depression is commonly caused by some tragic or disturbing life experience and may last for a few months to many years. Nevertheless it should be caught early and treated. Symptoms of this form of depression include: a persistent sad or empty mood irritability or anger alcohol or drug abuse loss of confidence disturbed sleeping patterns restlessness headaches or stomachaches agitation fatigue or loss of energy social withdrawal feelings of helplessness guilt large weight loss or gain excessive crying difficulty concentrating or remembering poor self-esteem and the most serious of all, thoughts of suicide Most depressed individuals feel there is no way to end the misery and torture ofShow MoreRelatedSuicide : Suicide And Depression1389 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide and Depression in Prisons Suicide is the leading cause of death in prisons across the United States (Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, Fazel, 2011). According to the United States Department of Justice, nearly 23% of state prisoners report symptoms of depression each year (Pardini et al., 2014). With, one out of seven inmates met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (Pardini et al., 2014). Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, and Fazel (2011) proposed that probable representations ofRead MoreSuicide and Depression1482 Words   |  6 Pagestheir own health and wellbeing such as living with depression and suicide. Teenagers today are relying on what they see in ads, T.V., magazines and on the internet for their input on appearances, the way they think not only comes from media sources, but from family and friends. Just how does family and friends play a role in depression and suicide? Families and friends play a great role in our existences. If parents show signs of depression, and suicide the predisposition is that, their child may developRead MoreTeenage Depression and Suicide1246 Words   |  5 Pagescancer.† — These descriptions are how Cait Irwin, who suffered from depression as a teenager, described it. Teenage depression is a common but serious illness that can ultimately send some on a downward spiral towards suicide that can be averted if recognized and given the proper treatment. Countless teenagers experience some type of depression in their lifetime, but what exactly is depression and just how common is it? â€Å"Depression is a mental disorder that involves being either sad or irritable nearlyRead MoreAdolescent Depression and Suicide2415 Words   |  10 Pageshave depression and suicide been taken seriously. Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts. Depression affects the way a person eats and sleeps, feels about themselves, and the way they think of the things around them. It comes as no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Teen suicide has moreRead MoreResearch Paper : Depression And Suicide1539 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: Depression and Suicide Imagine in a place where everyone that you knew all displayed depression and everyone lead to giving up. And you were the only one that saw the world as a beautiful place. How would you help others in need? There would be no one trying to help one another and you were the only one that wanted to help everyone else. What if everyone you knew were getting hurt all the time and were always fighting for no real reason what would you say to try to help them get backRead More Depression Leading to Suicide Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesOne who suffers from depression may think about and or attempt suicide because of the extreme emotional pain and hopelessness they feel. It is during this time that one believes the only relief is in by putting an end to their lives. The risk factors that are identified in the assessment by Dr. Niolon state â€Å"the first thing to remember is these three things: consult- this allows for another opinion and better care as well as to protect you and documen t everything you do every question you ask theRead MoreThe Link Between Depression And Suicide Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Link between Depression and Suicide: Depression carries a high risk of suicide. Over 90% of people who die by suicide have clinical depression or another diagnosable mental disorder. Many times, people who die by suicide have an alcohol or substance abuse problem. Often they have that problem in combination with other mental disorders. Warning Signs: †¢ Always talking or thinking about death †¢ Clinical depression -- deep sadness, loss of interest trouble sleeping and eating -- that gets worseRead MoreDepression And Suicide : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesA family member could suffer from depression and I decide to study depression and suicide. When a family member aches from depression, your console and cheer can play a vital part in his or her recovery. Nevertheless, depression can break you down if you neglect your own wants. Depression is a serious but curable illness that disturbs a lot of individuals, from young to old people and all humans being. It becomes the part of everyday life, triggering massive pain, hurting not just individuals whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Counseling On Suicide And Depression3763 Words   |  16 PagesNo heading or header or title. All must be present in the final submission. Consult WRITER for the correct formatting. The Effects of Counseling on Suicide and Depression Counseling has been a part of history dating back to biblical times. The Old Testament and New Testament tell stories of prophets, apostles and preachers who offered their help to people that needed it. Counseling plays a key role in everyday life; for example, after World War II ex-soldiers sought help for PTSD and job placementRead MoreTeenage Depression - Teen Suicide1399 Words   |  6 Pages Teen Suicide Over the past few years’ teenage depression has drastically increased due to multiple factors such as peer pressure and bullying. According to Linda Lamb’s article Young People Can Suffer From Depression, Too,† The suicide rate among teenagers [today] is about 10 per 100,000†. A handout from the Health and Human Services Department and National Institute of Mental Health stated,† in the last 25 years, the rate of suicide among teenagers and young adults has increased dramatically.†