Black Gram Cultivation Using Internet Of Things - 1639 Words

Black gram Cultivation using Internet of Things (IOT) K. Upendra1, B. Adinarayanareddy2, Y. Vasanthi3 Asst.Prof1, KKR KSR Institute of Technology and sciences, Guntur, AP, India. Asst.Prof2, KKR KSR Institute of Technology and sciences, Guntur, AP, India. Asst.Prof3, KKR KSR Institute of Technology and sciences, Guntur, AP, India. Abstract: Black gram is one the good pulses used daily in homes for breakfast in India. In this article we are going to use IOT technology for the cultivation of black grams. Actually Black gram crop duration is 75-90 days. Here the problem is funguses fastly spread in the black gram crop for controlling this continuous monitoring is required humans cannot monitor 24X7 but the sensors can monitor. For this reason we are going to use Internet of Things technology for black gram cultivation. We arrange sensors for the black gram plants in the field randomly if any changes occurs sensor will automatically alerts the farmer by sending SMS to the farmer. Keywords: IOT, Black gram, Pulses, Smart Agriculture I.Introduction: Smart devices. Smartphones. Smart cars. Smart homes. Smart cities, A smart world [3]. Here the goal is only one less resources more consumption and avoiding the manual intervention. For these reasons Internet of Things is going to be the useful technology in the future also. Today every where we are using sensors technology for devices, vehicles, buildings, and even for plants also. Here the thing is sensing and actuation oneShow MoreRelated Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay7972 Words   |  32 Pageswant to do. They develop ideas in your head also about whats right and wrong, these ideas are constructed realities. If a teenagers parents are involved with drugs, the teen or child will observe that and think that it is OK for them to do the same thing, because they think it must be normal, after all the parents do it, why cant they? Another example of Differential Association would be with friends. 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Cats Free Essays

I have read and understood The University of Sydney Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Coursework Policy 2012 . I understand that failure to comply with the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Coursework Policy can lead to the University commencing proceedings against me for potential student misconduct under Chapter 8 of the University of Sydney By-Law 1999 (as amended). 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Cats or any similar topic only for you Order Now This work is substantially my own, and to the extent that any part of this work is not my own I have indicated that it is not my own by acknowledging the source of that part or those parts of the work. . The assessment has not been submitted previously for assessment in this or any other unit, or another institution. . I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment may: Reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another member of the Faculty of Health Sciences; and/or Use similarity detection software (which may then retain a copy of the assignment on its database for the purpose of future plagiarism checking). 7. I have retained a duplicate copy of the assignment. Please type in your name here to acknowledge this declaration: Coherence Luau Now proceed to page 2 to begin your assignment. This template will become your assignment file. OFFICE USE ONLY Question 1: Positivistic Theory (Biological and Psychological Theory) The positivist approach to criminality introduced the idea of empirically researching crime to understand the causes of criminality, and thus the solutions to solving it. Positivism is based in logic, and is the philosophy that combined epistemological phenomena with science (Blackmore, 1972). The theory assumes that criminals are fundamentally different from non-criminals; either biologically (Limbos), psychologically (Freud), social (Park, Druthers) or in some combination of them all, ND thus aim to classify people according to these differences (Boom, 2010). The approach ultimately replaced the ‘rational man’ with the ‘criminal type’ (Killing, 1997). The period of Enlightenment in the 18th century enforced human progression, and as such, saw Positivism gain popularity. It was a move from abstract reasoning to rationalism, from superstition to science, with the emergence of intellectuals with philosophies to understand and improve the world (Porter, 2001). Since this time, the positivist approach has guided policymaking throughout the criminal Justice system. Positivism focused on specifically tailored treatment to fit the needs of offenders’ (Treadwell, 2006). Positivists dismiss any form of evidence that does not have an empirical basis, such as religion, magic, philosophy and tradition (Blackmore, 1972). Those that cannot be objectively experienced are rejected, in so that positivists can explain criminal behavior through that which can only be observed or measured (Boom, 2010). Biological positivists look at observables such as anatomical abnormalities, identifiable genetic of gene patterns, and bodily actions where as psychological positivists will look at biological observables, but will add behavioral factors, for instance, child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that causes identifiable behavior outcomes. Positivism views criminals as certain kinds of human beings who are governed by natural phenomena, which have been set in place by an external factor that is out of their control. It follows that criminals do not make decisions regarding their criminal behavior, and thus, the abstract view of humans being rational were discarded. Biological theories sought to determine a biological defect inside individuals that caused a predisposition towards criminal behavior. Limbos was one of the most influential early biological thinkers and positivist theorists, and was influenced by phrenology in his theory. Phrenology is the concept that the shape of your skull defines your character. Through his studies, Limbos identified ‘born criminals’ to be dangerous ‘evolutionary throwbacks’ (Limbos, 2006). He identified physical features of criminals, which supported this notion, as they echoed biological features of an ape. Among others, Limbos classified several criminal characteristics through studying cadavers of executed criminals. Features such as smaller and more deformed skulls, canine teeth, protruding ears, excessive hairiness and unusually long arms were said to be common features in criminals (Limbos, 2006). Generally, biological positivists search for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. The chromosome pairing of an ordinary female is XX, and for a male, XX. However, there are naturally occurring variations, for example the pairing EX. of chromosomes, known as the Skillfulness’s Syndrome (Taylor, Walton and Young, 1973). This theory claimed that people with an extra X chromosome were more likely to omit crimes and could be identified by their biological and physical features, such as lacking facial air, round bodies and were frequently infertile. However, further investigation into this theory showed that abnormal people containing an extra Y chromosome showed signs of slight mental deficiency. On this assumption, Price undertook chromosome counts on all available male patients in a special security institution in Scotland and found that X† males tended to be severe psychopaths. The extra Y chromosome, therefore, appeared to be positively linked to increased eight and psychopaths. In essence, biological positivists were attempting to be able to identify criminals by looking at them. Psychological positivism focuses on aggression, psychopathology and violence when studying crime (Storefront, 1990). It is based in the field of psychometrics that seeks to measure psychological and mental differences between criminals and non- criminals. One of the most famous theories in this field is Sigmund Freud†s theory of the structures of the mind, used to explain the influence of the unconscious over conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The theory divides itself into the unconscious id, the ego, and the superego (Martin, 2007). Further, Wilson and Hermiston’s personality study and crime concluded that crime is a rational act of defective personality (Treadwell, 2006). Furthermore, psychologically based theories in criminology have focused on deficient cognitions as causes of crimes. Hostels and Sameness (2004) extended this notion by their study of male offenders from a variety of backgrounds, which were divided into an experimental group and compared to a control group of ‘normal’ convicted prisoners. The two theorists legged that a common factor in shaping the thinking pattern of criminals was denial of responsibility. They concluded that these thinking errors were an aspect of criminal thinking patterns, and developed a cognitive treatment programmer to ‘cure’ these errors. Druthers held the belief that societies are external to the individuals who compose them (Schemas, 1994), and from this, formulated his notion of a social fact. A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general wrought a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations. Druthers was the pioneer of early positivist Social Research with his famous study of suicide. This was so others would be able to develop evidence for ideas on human behavior rather than unsubstantiated theories. The use of positivism in criminology aims to identify the problem and treat it, and thus control crime and criminality. In more modern times, Rained conducted a study in 1998 on the brains of murderers as compared to a control group using PET scans. In the case of those who committed impulsive murders, Rained concluded that the emotional impulsive murderers are less able to regulate and control aggressive impulses generated from subtropical structures due to deficient preferential regulation† (Rafter, 2008). Despite conclusions drawn from the movement in criminology, it was claimed that Very little of contemporary psychology can be described as positivistic’ (McGuire, 2004) as it is not directly observable, and thus to associate it with Positivism is fallacious. Theorists such as Boom criticized Positivism for its flawed belief in roommate consensus (Boom, 2010), as well as Reid, who believed that positivism was a dualistic fallacy (Reid, 1982). As the approach advocates two distinct groups of criminals and non-criminals whom are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors, other elements such as ones culture was dismissed in the theory. In regards to the positivist approach to Skillfulness’s Syndrome, it was found out through further research that criminals had normal chromosomes and that non-criminals also had abnormal chromosomes, thus disproving the black and white division of Iranians being the only people with irregular genetic material. Nonetheless, the Positivist movement has played a vital role in shaping the criminal Justice system. Regardless of its ignorant faults in its biomedical and psychological aspects, the approach has influenced Western criminal codes and has impacted the modifications made of the classical model. Rushers, a modern day psychologist, bases his research on the Positivist theory. His book, â€Å"Race, Evolution and Behavior† (1995) attempts to show that East Asian people and their descendants average a larger brain size, greater intelligence, and slower rates of maturation than o Europeans and their descendants. The contributions of the positivist school have combined with the classical theory of criminology to shape the contemporary criminal Justice system. The punishment of a criminal must fit the crime (Siegel, 2010), as in reality, victims and perpetrators are often the same people, Just swapping roles in different situations† (Maguire, 1996). Positivism was formulated on the intention of obtaining facts about human behavior, but as human existence is a complex and volatile phenomenon, any attempt to classify it in black and white falls short. Aiming to obtain objective fact is important in influencing criminal legislations, and can offer solutions to committed crimes. However, relying solely on objectivity is impossible, and subjectivity must be accepted as an inherent part of human nature as any claim of pure objectivity is simply fictitious (Reid, 1982). How to cite Cats, Papers

Case Study on Japan Natural Calamity Happened After That Business Impacts free essay sample

Case study On Japan Natural Calamity happened after that Business Impacts: (IST )12th Mar 2011 (Saturday) The day came again for the Japan when it was struck with a big disaster after the 2nd world war, but this time it was a natural calamity. Earthquake was of 8. 9 measured on the rector scale. Epicenter approx. 70 km east of the Oshika peninsula and the hypocenter was deep in the sea approx 32km in depth. It was the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900. The earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 40. 5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako, Tohoku. The tsunami which brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japans northern islands and resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and devastated entire towns. The actual height predicted of the tsunami varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at 6 m (20 ft) high. Casualties The National Police Agency has confirmed 15,709 deaths,5,717 injured,and 4,626 people missing across eighteen prefectures. Of the 13,135 fatalities recovered by 11 April 2011, 12,143 or 92. % died by drowning. Victims aged 60 or older accounted for 65. 2% of the deaths, with 24% of total victims being in their 70s. Damage and Business effects The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars. An estimated 230,000 automobiles and trucks were damaged or destroyed in the disaster. Damage of the Power Station: ;;According to Tohoku Electric Power (TEP), around 4. million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity. [198] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake, reducing TEPCOs (Tokoyo Electricity Power Company)total capacity by 21 GW. Ja pan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents. Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels. nd that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels. Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 11 km south. It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Tokyo. Radioactive cesium and iodine were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan. A fire occurred in the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake Damage to the Oil Gas Production A 220,000-barrel-per-day[208] oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo,[209] It was extinguished after ten days, killing or injuring six people, and destroying storage tanks. Others halted production due to safety checks and power loss. The city-owned plant for importing liquefied natural gas in Sendai was severely damaged, and supplies were halted for at least a month. Damages To The Transportation: Japans transport network suffered severe disruptions. Many sections of Tohoku Expressway serving northern Japan were damaged. The expressway did not reopen to general public use until 24 March 2011. All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city. A tsunami wave flooded Sendai Airport. Narita and Haneda Airport both briefly suspended operations after the quake Damages To The Telecommunications Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area. On the day of the quake, American broadcaster NPR (National Public Radio)was unable to reach anyone in Sendai with working phone or Internet. Internet services were largely unaffected in areas where basic infrastructure remained, despite the earthquake having damaged portions of several undersea cable systems landing in the affected region. After the earth quake tsunami some of the some of the American , deutsche German telecom companies offered free calls to the Japan for the limited time. Damages To The Space center JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) evacuated the Tsukuba Space Center in Tsukuba. The Center, which houses a control room for part of the International Space Station, has been shut down, with some damage reported. Damages To The Cultural Properties Five hundred and forty-nine Cultural Properties were damaged, including five National Treasures one hundred and forty-three Important Cultural Properties one hundred and twenty Monuments of Japan seven Groups of Traditional Buildings; and three Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties. Overlook And Aid : The aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and a major economic and Business impact. The tsunami resulted in over 300,000 displaced people in the Tohoku region, and shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine electricity fuel for survivors. In response the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defence Forces, while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ? 10 trillion ($122 billion). This earthquake and tsunami badly affected all the business running in the country.

Symbols and Images in Short Stories free essay sample

Lucas Culliton Character Development Through The Use of Symbols and Images John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums and James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues are two stories that contain many symbols and images and it is through these symbols and images that we learn about Elisa and Sonny and how they change over the course of the story. Both characters undergo significant changes that leave the reader question ing what they have read at some points. Symbols and images employed in Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums and Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues reflects the transformations of Elisa and Sonny both emotionally and physically throughout the story and are present to enhance our understanding of both characters and the overall point the author is trying to make. The supporting arguments will demonstrate how symbols such as the chrysanthemums, the Salinas Valley, heroin and the cup of trembling reflect the transformations of Sonny and Elisa. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbols and Images in Short Stories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The beginning of The Chrysanthemums has a rather sad and depressing opening few paragraphs and it begins with â€Å"The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot. †(Steinbeck 1) This is the first description of the setting of the story and it is also the first symbol the reader comes across in the story.The Salinas Valley is used to show how Elisa is â€Å"trapped† in a fairly boring life of gardening . The story was written in a time when women were not considered equal to men and the way Steinbeck describes Elisa being â€Å"lean and strong† and â€Å"blocked and heavy† gives the reader the impression that Elisa has characteristics that are more common for men to have. After reading the opening page the reader has the impression that Elisa is capable of much more but is trapped in this life of gardening because she is a woman.As the story progresses and after Elisa has her encounter with the tinker, the reader begins to see a more emotional side of Elisa as Steinbeck writes about her being more women-like. Near the end of the story Steinbeck writes â€Å"She put on her newest underclothing and her nicest stockings and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. † (Steinbeck 8) For the first time we see a very lady like side to Elisa and on her way to dinner with her husband the river road is described to show a â€Å"t hin band of sunshine. In contrast to the beginning when the valley was described as a â€Å"closed pot† the reader now begins to think there is a happier ending for Elisa as she transitions from a very bland life, trapped in the garden, to a happier life where she is dressed her best and is emotionally happier. We also see a change in her emotions at the end when she begins to cry. This demonstrates how she has changed both physically and emotionally after her encounter with the tinker. In Sonny’s Blues the heroin Sonny uses is an example of how he is trapped in a life of darkness just like Elisa is trapped in her situation.Baldwin uses the narrator to describe Sonny’s life on heroin by writing: All they really knew were two darknesses, the darkness of their lives, which was now closing in on them, and the darkness of the movies, which had blinded them to that other darkness, and in which they now, vindictively, dreamed, at once more together than they were at any other time, and more alone. (Baldwin 1) This establishes a darkness for the majority of the story that is present until Sonny performs on stage at the end of the story. Sonny is stuck in a life of drugs and is in a very bad position.Throughout the story we see that the narrator is trying to help Sonny and free him from the life of darkness. When reading the story, the reader has the impression that the only way Sonny will transition from darkness to light is through music. Before Sonny plays on stage at the end of the story the narrator says â€Å"Here, I was in Sonny’s world. Or, rather: his kingdom. Here, it was not even a question that his veins bore royal blood† (Baldwin 17) This is said by the narrator when Sonny is in the nightclub and he is about to perform.It gives the reader the impression that Sonny is right in his element and it serves as a sign of hope for Sonny that he is going to get over his addiction to heroin. In the end, Sonny did play well and because of his love for music he made the transition from darkness to a much happier state of mind. Sonny is released from a life of addiction and can begin a much happier and fulfilling life. Turning back to The Chrysanthemums, another very important symbol is the chrysanthemum flower. The Chrysanthemums are very closely related to Elisa and how she lives her life.

The concept of public policy

The concept of public policy Introduction The concept of public policy is very critical and sensitive since it affects a majority of people who are ruled under the policies made. It entails the process taken by the government in addressing an issue that affects the public and the intentions of the government in taking the actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of public policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can also be said to be the result of the government’s actions towards deciding on who gets what and who does not after some considerations. It comprises major components like regulations, laws, actions and decisions aimed at controlling a certain behavior or solving a problem that is either caused by or affects the public. Public opinion on the other hand is a set of people’s views and attitudes towards a specific topic or issue that affect them. It usually affects the process of public policy making as it tak es into consideration the public interests. This piece of work gives a critique of the article; Information Effects in Collective Preferences by Althaus looking into how the author tackles the topic and his efforts in making us understand the relationship between public opinion and public policy. The author starts of by showing us how information is essential in decision making especially in shaping public opinion which to a great extent affects the process of public policy since the public are a major element in the public policy making process thorough their various opinions. It is evident that uneven distribution of political information among the society members leads to different public opinions by the members as they have different levels of knowledge concerning the specific topic or problem and therefore the public policies that are made based on the collected opinions from the public are usually not complete as they do not comprehensively represent the public. This shows tha t the process of public policy making could only be effective if knowledge about particular issues of concern were evenly distributed among the citizens as this would make them make appropriate and informed decisions based on facts and the government would hence take effective actions and solve the public’s problems.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Public opinion is therefore influenced by information effect which is the information’s impact in shaping collective opinion as a result of low levels and uneven social distribution of knowledge regarding politics in the society. Political knowledge enhance proper decision making in regard to political issues as the informed citizens are able to understand the major components involved in public policy making for instance the policy itself, the participants or actors and the problems at stake. Although we can argue that being politically informed enhance the individual’s and collective opinion, some studies for instance in cognitive psychology also show that even the people who are poorly informed an political matters can make opinions that are in line with their political inclinations by relying on some political figures and other sources for instance online processing and other information shortcuts without necessarily having the specific factual knowledge. Aggregation of the opinions made by both the well informed and ill informed citizens will also allow coming up with an appropriate conclusion. This disputes the fact that the correct and meaningful collective opinion could only be attained if all the citizens were well informed. All in all information among the citizens influences their opinions by affecting the interaction between those collecting the data and those giving the responses for instance the poorly informed citizens who are usually the Blacks, the poor and women tend t o give vague response as compared to the knowledgeable audience leading to poor presentation of the public’s preferences as opposed to those from the knowledgeable citizens who are mostly, the Whites, the rich and men whose views tend to be greatly considered. The opinions of the well informed people also tend to be of high quality in terms of being consistent with the political predisposition regarding the particular problem in question. Public opinion and public policy are directly dependent on each other since public policy formulation and implementation is based on the public’s opinion about the particular topic or problem and it is usually made in response to a specific problem or issue facing the public with an aim of solving it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of public policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The citizens’ provision of information on the topic is usually usefu l in the policy formulation and implementation process as it brings forward their beliefs, attitudes which in the long run influence the cause and effects processes and what the government is likely to undertake and the expected outcomes of the actions taken. It is however difficult to determine how information or knowledge in the political field would affect an individual’s or group’s preference in regard to what is best for them. The political interests of the informed people may either be subjective or objective and in some instances they may not reflect what the public may prefer in relation to a particular issue. The knowledgeable citizens tend to be in a good position to argue or respond to different situations based on the knowledge they have previously acquired. They also have a certain degree of confidence due to their prior experience and can hence easily understand complex political issues and happenings that surround them as compared to the ill informed cit izens. The measure of how information affects preferences and opinions among citizens can be attained through taking of constant variables in the society in both the enlightened and the ill informed citizens in the community for instance education, age, race, religious affiliation, marital status, gender, region, financial status, type of community, region, parental status, partisanship, and occupation among others and presenting the same questions to them and then evaluating the responses. The author however recognizes that a political party affiliation is an essential element since it is also a relatively constant characteristic of the citizens and a major determinant of the citizen’s responses to political issues as it acts as a basis for the citizen’s responses and a shortcut as opposed to factual knowledge they would have concerning the topic of discussion. Although the author tries to tackle this issues comprehensively through application of various theories, mod els and methods and also by taking into consideration what has been said by other authors in regard to the same topic , it is still difficult to completely determine the exact influence of information on political interests and preferences among the enlightened and the ill informed citizens as the results from the conducted surveys are often almost the same since there are other determinants apart from information or knowledge exhibited by the respondents.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To understand the concept of the influence public opinion on public policy formulation and implementation, the author gives us an example on how information can affect people’s attitudes toward spousal notification law. The example tries to show how information can shape an individual’s or group’s collective preference. The question posed to the respondents is; ‘‘would you favor or oppose a law in your state that would require a married woman to notify her husband before she can have an abortion? ’’1 The responses were obtained and the logit coefficients evaluated and it is noted that the differences in the responses attained is relatively very low. The models used can however not perfectly represent individual opinions but can generally show the differences between those groups that are for the law and those that are against its enactment. The model also shows the effects of information or knowledge on an issue on policy preferences am ong various groups. From the above named question, two thirds of the respondents seemed to support the spousal notification law while a third was against it. The well informed citizens seem to be divided on the issue as 48% of them supported it and 52% opposed it and hence the problem lies in the unequal distribution of political knowledge among citizens. Men were more informed as compared to women because even after full provision of political knowledge, their responses did change much as compared to that of women. This shows that the difference in information available to both men and women affects the results obtained in opinion surveys and hence leads to inefficient public policy making by the governments as they base they actions on the opinion polls gathered. Different topics attract different public opinions according to how best the citizens are informed or interested in them for example issues of social, fiscal, and security wellbeing among others. A change in information o r knowledge on an issue also leads to changes in collective preferences as the people are subject to change their opinions with change in information. The deviation however varies depending on other elements for instance the Whites, the rich and men are less likely to change their opinions much as compared to the Blacks, the poor and women who are more susceptible to change of opinion due to prior lack of knowledge. This can be seen when taking varying responses of the citizens on different issues for instance foreign policy issues, fiscal issues, operative issues and social policy issues. Generally, fully informed citizens tend to give divided opinions on policies like foreign policy, they are more concerned on social and fiscal concepts and policies and more conservative on operative issues that take place around them. Correcting for information unevenness can however lead to notable shifts in individual and collective opinions. The authors argues that the only way out in understa nding collective preferences could be the balancing of political knowledge among the society members which will counter the low levels and uneven social distribution of information on politics and political issues. He also states that information level in an individual or group affects collective opinion greater that previous studies have shown. It is also clear that different levels of information brings about change in responses and therefore collective preferences of various people could change either with a less or great magnitude if everyone was equally informed in various aspects of concern in the political field. The author argues the topic in a very comprehensive manner by looking into various studies that have been done regarding the effects of information or knowledge among the citizens and its role in shaping their opinions which in the long run affects the public policy making process and the actions taken by the government in regard to the problems faced by the citizens . He then gives lots of models and informative examples from which the reader can draw his or her own conclusions and there after gives his point of view with specific reasons for making the decisions. From the information given by the author in his article, Information Effects in Collective Preferences, it is evident that the public is a very essential component or determinant in the process of public policy formulation and implementation. This is because the public opinions are used by the government and other bodies involved in the policy making process for instance legislative bodies, leadership, bureaucracy, interest groups, political parties and the justice system in decision making. Public policies are made out of the public’s interest which is expressed through public opinion. However, public opinion can sometimes be decisive and not representative of the reality for instance when the respondents that are contacted during the survey are not representative of the total community in terms of size and aggregate composition or characteristics. Knowledge of the people on the particular issue also affects the opinions given as people tend to give vague information when they are not conversant with the political issue while those who are well enlightened tend to give meaningful responses that are in line with the government’s expectations. In most cases the responses from the well informed citizens are usually used as the basis in making public policies hence their needs end up being catered for at the expense of those that are not well informed. This shows that the policies formulated and implemented by the government are usually not representative of all citizen’s views as they are not based on everybody’s opinion as it should be the case. Public opinion usually has limited influence on public policy since in most cases there are usually no clear public preferences for one policy over others as the citizens are not given the opti ons of choosing among policies that are available. The policy makers also do not necessarily follow the public preferences due to lack of adequate relevant information. This is because most people have no distinct preferences on most issues especially political related and in the few cases where preferences have been established, public opinion is usually much divided to a point where the bodies involved in public policy making cannot base their actions on it. For instance in the example on passage of the notification law of the spouse on abortion given earlier, the public seemed much divided and the government may be left with the final decision hence public opinion is overruled. In some instances the government may make advantage of a situation and go per its preference as opposed to the public preference as it has powers over the general public. The government may come up with an idea regarding a policy and persuade the public to support it for example through campaigns. This is a way of molding the public opinion where different bodies and institutions involved in public policy making process affect the public’s decisions on various aspects. Incases where the public opinion is well known and the preferences seem to be well defined, the policy makers may also not go in accordance to them for various reasons for example if the preferences are deemed to be based on ignorance on the issue, when it is not for the well being of the majority in the society or when the policy to be passed is susceptible to change completely in the event of enactment of an alternative policy in future. Although public policy is sometimes in line with public opinion, this is not an adequate justification that public opinion determines the actions taken in the public policy making policy. The public policy makers mostly make a generalization since they can gauge what the public would prefer and at the end of it all, they end up coming up with policies that are in favor with th e public preferences even without their consultation. It is however clear that public opinion and public policy are strongly related. Although public opinion is expected to be the basis of public policy in determining its formulation and implementation, it does not work out this way. In few instances, the public opinion matches with the policy makers preferences and hence it is adopted but in most case, it opposes the policy makers’ preferences and it is therefore ignored. This shows that despite the public being given a chance to voice their views and ideas the final decision lies in the public policy makers especially the government since the public has no power to force the government to act in a certain way. Bibliography Althaus, L. Scott. â€Å"Information Effects in Collective Preferences.† American Political Science Review. Vol. 92, No.3. 1998. Footnotes 1 Scott, L. Althaus. â€Å"Information Effects in Collective Preferences.† American Political Science Review. Vol. 92, No.3. 1998.

Alices Adventures in Wonderland Study Questions

'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' Study Questions Alice in Wonderland (Alices Adventures in Wonderland) is a famous and beloved childrens classic by Lewis Carroll. You may find these questions useful for book club discussions, Â  to help you with your studies, or to help with any discussion of the book. Questions for Study and Discussion What is significant about the title?What are the conflicts in Alice in Wonderland? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional)?How does Lewis Carroll reveal character in Alice in Wonderland?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Alice in Wonderland? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Alice consistent in her actions? Is she a fully developed character? How? Why?Does Alice change and/or develop as a human being?How does Alice relate to other characters in the book?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the past figure into the novel?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?How does Carroll use poetry in this novel? Why?Would you recommend thi s novel to a friend?

Individual Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Case Analysis - Essay Example Ireland is a manufacturing base with low costs for the manufacturing of US enterprises. The policy towards FDI became more selective in the 1970s which encouraged flow of investments in the production of goods that are produced through modern technology (Ruane & Buckley, 2006, 4-5). Body In the decade of 1990-2000, the country witnessed massive economic transformation. The growth in GDP took the rising curve and fiscal surplus became the norm. The resurgence of the economy earned a great deal of worldwide attention. The experts opined the policies relating to collective bargaining and reforms in the education sector along with exchange rate reforms contributed in the resurgence. But some regarded FDI as the factor that is responsible. The performance of the country was primarily driven by the foreign owned firms serving the EU market. The high performance of the small firms nullified the poor performance of the indigenous sector. Many experts believed that the rising costs along with shortages in labor supply which act as the barrier to competitiveness of the country. The real wages seemed to increase faster than the productivity and reduce the incentive from FDI. Two acts were introduced by the Valera government namely the Finance Act of 1932 and the Control of Manufactures Act of 1932 (Baccaro & Simoni, 7-8). The economic stagnation in 1950 demanded changes in economic regulations. In order to boost the economy, several laws were passed. The country in collaboration with the IMF the World Bank relaxed the restrictions on the control of Manufactures Act. In 1958, there was a shift from protectionism to free trade regime and the government encouraged foreign investments through concessions in tax and incentive grants. The tariff got lowered in the period between 1962 and 1964. In spite of the turbulence faced by the country in 1970s the FDI continued to grow. Industrial development Authority believed that the agency led foreign investment strategy had done litt le to lift the economy. The success witnessed by some sectors did not trickle down to the rest of the economy. The linkage between the foreign investors and local industries was limited. The initiatives to promote foreign investment were not fruitful (Velde, 6). The support provided to the foreign firms particularly operating in the electronics sector was excessive. The MNCs were not blamed for the failure of the strategies as the suppliers lacked the required technical expertise. The IDA holds the mismanagement from the part of the government and is responsible for the situation particularly during the times of high inflation rates. Excessive government spending as well as high rates of unemployment took toll from the economy. The need for resurgence was felt from all sectors and the government took advantage of the situation and forged to create social partnerships across political and social sectors. The IDA took the initiative to promote labor industries of Ireland. A policy of advertising campaign was followed. The emphasis was shifted from tax and financial incentives to building up an educated workforce. The resultant was immigration of new firms into the country. The importance of Ireland among the EU was soon felt. Direct transfers were made into the country through the Single European Act. Funds for development of infrastructure and